Nervous System Pictures & Links

http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/set4.htm

Website on brain info – including split brain experiments, differences between males & females, nutrients, drugs, etc.:

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/introb.html

from the above listed site

Images of retina:

http://www.eyesearch.com/diabetic.retinopathy.images.htm

http://medicine.tamu.edu/neuro/cnii-vi.htm

http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/kin356/semantic/semantic.html

The electrical properties of cells: resting & action potentials

   RESTING POTENTIAL - the characteristic electric charge
               exhibited by a cell at rest...    most often negative (-)

       potential - (in electrical terms) is amount of electrical charge
                at one point in an electric circuit compared to some other
                point in the same circuit measured with a volt-meter (multi-meter)

   How to measure membrane potentials* in cells - microelectrode* pic
                  inside vs. outside of cells

SGA	-	65 to - 70 mVi
Frog muscle fibers	-	90 mVi
Nitella (algae)	-	150 mVi
Valonia (algae)	+	15 mVi

Causes of Resting Potential... -65 mV inside for SGA ...
all of which make inside of cell negative (-)

    1. active transport of Na & K...*   high Na outside [3] & high K inside [2]
    2. differential permeability* of K (faster out) &   Na (slower in) = inside (-)
    3. lots of protein anions* (-) at cell ph, thus inside more (-) then outside
    4. normal diffusion of* Cl^- into the cell                                                                                                                                             SGA [ions] fig 48.7*

	E_Na = +62mVi
Nernst E_mv = +/- 62 log₁₀ [C_o]/[C_i]	E_K = -92mVi
	E_Cl = -65mVi
UCSB Rp animation*

EVENTS DURING an AP    oscilloscope trace*    graph      Gasser & Erlanger
   depolarization* - cell goes from inside negative (-) to inside positive (+)
                   Na channel opens - Na floods in --> -70mV to +58mV
   repolarization* - Na channels close & K channels open [returns to inside (-)]
                   K follows diffusive gradient & floods out of cell
   hyperpolarization* - "undershoot" of resting potential (-75mv)
   refractory period - time before another AP can 'fire'
            current changes during an AP*                 overall* mechanism*
                                                               AP animation (Blackwell Publishing)*

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/neuro/neurophysiology.htm

Neurotransmitter Info:

http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/nerves.html

http://www.american-hearing.org/name/mechanisms_hearing.html

http://faculty.concord.edu/rockc/intro/sensate.htm

http://alpha.furman.edu/~einstein/general/sandpdemo/eye.htm