Biology 118 – Anatomy & Physiology

Lecture Notes – Dr. Wendy Noffke

 

Introduction:

Anatomy:

 

Physiology

 

Levels of Organization:

Chemicals / Molecules

 

Cells

 

Tissues

 

Organs

 

Systems

 

Organism

 

Systems of the Body:

          Integumentary

 

          Skeletal

 

          Muscular

 

          Nervous

 

          Endocrine

 

          Cardiovascular

 

          Lymphatic / Immune

 

          Respiratory

 

          Digestive

 

          Urinary

 

          Reproductive

 

What defines life processes?

          Metabolism

          Responsiveness to change

          Movement

          Growth

          Differentiation / Specialization of cells

          Reproduction

 

Homeostasis:

          Feedback loop / system

 

          Receptor

 

          Control Center

 

          Effector

 

         

 

 

          Negative feedback loop

 

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/endocrine/definitions/index_en.htm

                Positive feedback loop

 

http://faculty.washington.edu/kepeter/118/photos/reproductive_graphs.htm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Anatomical Terms:

Additional Resource:  http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1textbook/1anatomytextch1.html

http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1textbook/1anatomytextch1.html

          Anatomical position

 

          Superior (cranial / cephalic)

 

          Inferior (caudal)

 

          Posterior (dorsal)

 

          Anterior (ventral)

 

          Medial

 

          Lateral

 

          Distal

 

          Proximal

 

          Superficial

 

          Deep

 

          Prone

 

          Supine

 

Planes:

http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1textbook/1anatomytextch1.html

          Sagital

 

          Midsagital

 

          Frontal / coronal

 

          Transverse / horizontal

 

Body Cavities:

          Dorsal

                   Cranial

                   Vertebral

          Ventral

                   Thoracic

                   Abdominopelvic

                             Abdominal

                             Pelvic

 

Abdominopelvic Regions:

          L hypochondriac epigastric             R hypochondriac

          L lumbar                       umbilical             R lumbar

          L iliac                            hypogastric          R iliac

 

Quadrants:

                   LUQ           RUQ

                   LLQ           RLQ

 

 

Chemistry:

          Elements

 

          Atoms

                   Nucleus

                   Protons

                   Electrons

 

O = oxygen                   P = phosphorus

C = carbon                    K = potassium

H = hydrogen                S = sulfur

N = nitrogen                 Na = sodium

Ca = calcium                Cl = chloride

Mg = magnesium         Fe = iron

          Free radical

 

Chemical bonds:

 

http://womenstudy.cla.umn.edu/courses/3202/labprotein.html

Chemistry Reference:  http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch2_2.shtml

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/chem.htm

          Ionic bonds

 

          Covalent bonds

 

          Hydrogen bonds

 

Chemical Reactions:

          Chemical energy

 

          Synthesis reaction

 

          Decomposition

 

Organic compounds

 

Inorganic compounds

 

Water:

1.     medium for reactions

2.     participant in reactions

3.     absorbs / releases heat slowly

4.     requires large amounts of heat to form a gas

5.     lubricant

          Solvent

 

          Solute

 

          Solution

 

pH:

 

 

 

          acid

 

          base

 

          buffer

 

Carbohydrate:

          Simple

 

          Monosaccharide

 

          Disaccharide

 

          Polysaccharide

 

          Complex carbohydrate

 

Lipids:

          Saturated

 

          Monounsaturated

 

          Polyunsaturated

 

          Phospholipids

 

          Sterols

 

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/articles/article_02.html

 

Proteins:

          Amino acids

 

          Peptides

 

          Enzymes

parts of a chromosome

          DNA

 

http://genetics.gsk.com/overview.htm

 

          Double helix

 

          Base pairs

                   A:T

 

                   G:C

 

                   Uracil

 

  reference:  http://www.nobel.se/medicine/educational/dna/b/replication/replication_schem.html

http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/dees/ees/climate/lectures/chemistry/

 

          ATP

 

The Cell – General Structure

 

          Plasma membrane

 

          Cytoplasm

 

          Organelles

 

          Cytosol

 

 

          Nucleus

 

 

Plasma Membrane:

          Lipid bilayer

 

 

          Selective permeability

 

 

          Identification

 

 

          Passive diffusion

 

          Passive transport

 

          Active transport

 

          Concentration

 

          Osmotic pressure

 

          Hypertonic / hypotonic / isotonic

 

          Crenation

 

          Endocytosis

                   Phagocytosis

                   Pinocytosis

 

          Exocytosis

 

                   Vesicles

 

          Cytosol:

                   Interstitial fluid

                   75-90% water                                  glucose, amino acids,                      lipids, ATP, waste

http://ridge.icu.ac.jp/gen-ed/eukaryotic-cell.html

          Cytoskeleton

                   Microfilaments

 

                   Intermediate filaments

 

                   Microtubules

 

          Centrosome

 

          Cilia

 

          Flagella

 

          Endoplasmic reticulum

                   Rough ER

 

                    Smooth ER

 

          Golgi apparatus

 

                   Cisternae

 

          Lysosomes

 

                   Autolysis

 

          Peroxisomes

 

          Mitochondria

 

          Nucleus

                   Nuclear envelope / membrane

 

                   Nucleoli

 

                   Genes

 

                   Chromosomes

 

                   Genome

 

Protein synthesis

http://www.nobel.se/medicine/educational/dna/b/replication/replication_schem.html

          Codon / base triplet

 

          Transcription

          Translation

 

          mRNA

 

          tRNA

 

          rRNA

 

          Promotor

 

          Terminator

 

          Anticodon

 

 

Somatic Cell Division

http://genetics.gsk.com/chromosomes.htm

          Interphase

 

          Mitotic phase

 

                   Mitosis

 

 

 

 

                   Prophase

 

 

 

 

                   Metaphase

 

 

 

 

                   Anaphase

 

 

 

 

                   Telophase

 

          Meiosis:

 

http://www.kubrussel.ac.be/onderwijs/etew/tew/vakken/tweedekan/ecsector/biotech/biotechnologie.html

Tissues / Histology

 

Tissues / Histology

 

Types of Tissue

          Epithelial tissue

http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/histolab/epithelialimages.html

 

          Connective tissue

http://www.rwc.uc.edu/ap/aphome.htm

 

 

          Muscular tissue

http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/histolab/muscleimages.html

 

 

 

 

          Nervous tissue

http://www2.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/tissues/tx_nerv_tis.html

 

 

 

 

Epithelial Tissue

More pictures:  http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/histolab/epithelialimages.html

http://www.rwc.uc.edu/ap/aphome.htm

http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/histolab/muscleimages.html

 

Epithelial Tissue

          Closely packed in sheets, single or multiple layers

          Apical surface / basal membrane

          Avascular

          Has a nerve supply

          High cell division

 

          Squamous epithelium

 

          Cuboidal epithelium

 

          Columnar epithelium

 

          Transitional epithelium

 

          Simple epithelium

                   Simple squamous

                   Simple columnar

 

          Ciliated

                   Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

         

Stratified epithelium

         

Keratinization

 

          Glandular epithelium

                   Gland

                   Endocrine glands

                   Exocrine glands

 

Connective tissue

          Matrix

         

                   Ground substance

                   Hyaluronic acid

 

          Fibroblasts

 

          Macrophages

 

          Mast cells

 

          Adipocytes

 

          Collagen fibers

 

          Elastic fibers

 

          Reticular fibers

 

Types of Connective Tissue:

          Loose connective tissue

                   Areolar

                   Adipose

          Reticular connective tissue

          Dense connective tissue

                   Regular

                   Irregular

          Elastic connective tissue

          Cartilage

                   Hyaline

                   Fibrocartilage

                   Elastic cartilage

          Bone

          Blood

                   Plasma

                   RBC

                   WBC

                   Plastelets

          Lymph

          Muscle

                   Skeletal

                   Cardiac

                   Smooth

          Nervous

                   Neurons

                   Neuroglia

         

          Membranes

                   Mucous

 

                   Serous

 

                   Pleura

 

                   Pericardium

 

                   Synovial

 

SLE

http://www.mednet.gr/pim/p1.htm

 

 

Scar tissue / adhesions

http://members.aol.com/wayneheim/airbrsh.htm

http://www.memfert.com/toc.htm

Other pictures:  http://www.danmartinmd.com/toc.htm

 

 

Integumentary System:

skin diagram to label

reference:  http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/skin/label/labelanswers.shtml

 

 

Structure:

          Epidermis

 

          Dermis

 

          Hypodermis

 

Epidermis:

          Keratinocytes

 

          Melanocytes

 

          Langerhan’s Cells

 

          Merkel Cells

 

Epidermal Layers:

          Stratum basale

 

          Stratum spinosum

 

          Stratum granulosum

 

          Stratum lucidum

 

          Stratum corneum

 

Dermis:

          Papillae

 

          Meisner’s corpuscles

 

          Free nerve endings

Slide 12 - Skin Cross-section, epidermis

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocderm3.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Many more dermatology pictures:  http://www.mds.qmw.ac.uk/biomed/kb/stage2docs/loco2/dermatology%20weeks%203%20and%204/loco2dermatology.htm

 

 

Accessories to the skin:

          Hair

                   Follicle

                   Arrector pilli

                   Alopecia

                   Androgenic alopecia

 

          Sebaceous gland

 

          Sudoriferous glands

 

          Apocrine glands

 

          Ceruminous glands

 

          Nails

 

Functions of Skin:

          Temperature regulation

          Protection

          Cutaneous sensation

          Excretion / absorption

          Vitamin D synthesis

 

Basal cell carcinoma

 

Malignant melanoma

 

Squamous cell carcinoma

 

 

 

 

 

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Functions of the Skeletal System

1.